EFFECTS OF INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY ON BUSINESS MANAGEMENT AND ADMINISTRATION
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BACKGROUND OF THE STUDY
Not only is the ability to acquire information fundamental to human existence. In addition to this, it is the vital nerve centre for the operation of any company (Adeforo 2021). This is a direct result of the fact that decisions are formulated on the basis of information; hence, in order to make effective decisions and effectively carry out those decisions, there must be a continual flow of information. After being processed, the data that was acquired has to be sent on to the people who will really use it. It is possible for information to be received, processed, stored, disseminated, and other operations immediately; otherwise, key business chances could be missed (Atueyi, 2021). In the administration and management of businesses, this is the goal of the field of information technology, sometimes known as IT.
The advancement of information technology has made significant strides in recent years. Egyptian priests around the year 4000 B.C. were responsible for the invention of the earliest writing system in the world. At initially, the writing took the form of a succession of complete pictures that had been produced in order to narrate a tale (Hirsh, 2021). This took a significant amount of time, and eventually the priests learned how to sketch components of images to stand in for the entire. After even more time had passed, the drawings were drawn not to depict things, but rather sounds (Adeforo 2021). Therefore, the image of a home was designed not to symbolise the real structure of a house but rather the sound of the word "Haus." Writing systems evolved throughout time, eventually simplifying to the point where a single letter could stand in for a single sound. The first alphabet was created in exactly this way. The priests used reed pens to write, and they produced their own ink by combining gum and soot with water (Atueyi, 2021).
However, only priests were allowed to read the writing that was referred to as the HIEROGLYPHICS; this is why it was also known as sacred writing. Important religious rites, medical data, and chronicles of kings and nobles were among the things that were written down using this method. The most significant inscriptions were either written or carved on stones, while the less significant records were stored on thin strips made from a reed known as PAPYRUS, which was a plant that thrived on the banks of the River Nile (Hirsh, 2021). Papyrus is the ancestor of our present term for "paper."
The Sumerian Cunelform, the Ancient Greek Ostrakon, the Jewish Scroll, and parchment, which was writing on animal skin, are all examples of other ancient forms of writing. In the book of Exodus chapter three verse eighteen it is said that "And the Lord gave Moses, when he, (God) had made as an end of conversing with him upon the hill Sinai, the two tablets of stone inscribed with the finger of God." This is reported in the Bible. According to legend, the secret library of an Assyrian monarch named Assurbanipal had over twenty thousand clay tablets (Hirsh, 2021).
The ancient world utilised a variety of different methods for the purpose of disseminating knowledge. Runners were utilised by the Greeks. In honour of an Athenian runner who not only ran all the way from Athens to Sparta to call the Spartans to the battle field, but also ran a further 35 kilometres to Athens to report the victory after the Persians had been defeated at a place called marathon, after which he fell down dead after announcing the victory, the marathon race is held today (Adeforo 2021).
In the past, information was also sent through talking drums, gongs, and other instruments. In times of crisis, individuals living in the area may be warned of an oncoming or unexpected attack by an adversary by lighting a portion of the forest on fire. In today's society, the myriad of methods that were used in ancient times for obtaining, storing, and transmitting information have been supplanted by an extensive inventory of mechanical devices (Atueyi, 2021). This is an example of what is referred to as information technology, which is a collective term for a variety of tools and resources, most of which are computer-based and which are utilised in the modern world for the purposes of information reception, processing, storage, and dissemination.
The invention of the printing machine by a German named John Guttenberg; the calculating machine invented by Charles Babbage in 1855; the typewriter invented in 1867 by the Sholes brothers of America; the invention of the telephone in 1876 by a Scot named Alexandra Graham Bell; the invention of radio in 1895 by Marches Marcini; the invention of television in 1922 by Johnlogg Baird; the transformation brought about with the invention of the photographing machine in 1826 by Joseph Niece, The development of information technology may be broken down into three separate stages, which roughly correspond to the early days, the modern times, and the twenty-first century (Hirsh, 2021). These are as follows:
i.The first step, which involves the employment of human labour
ii.The usage of electrical machinery marks the transition to the secondary stage.
iii.Tertiary stage: the use of electronic hardware and software.
This current era is sometimes referred to as the "age of machines" or simply the "machine age." This is especially true in light of the numerous pieces of information technology and communication hardware that have flooded the market in recent years. However, the most significant change brought about by this revolution was the invention of the computer, which in turn brought about a revolution in the modern corporate world.
The initial phase was characterised by a significant emphasis placed on the utilisation of human labour in the processes of information reception, storage, and distribution. In 1831, Michael Faraday was the first person to bring electricity into human existence. At that time, electricity did not have widespread use. The manual typewriter emerged during this time period (Hirsh, 2021).
During the second stage, certain machines began using electricity as their primary source of power. During this stage, the Industrial Revolution took place. During this time period, electric typewriters and a wide variety of other equipment that were powered by electricity came into existence.
The current era of electronics, the tertiary stage, which is the final stage, is the power source of communication equipment. This stage is also the present (Hirsh, 2021).
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